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by
1987, when his initial efforts to accelerate economic growth had
come to nothing, gorbachev put the blame for the failures of his
economic strategy on party officials reluctant to give up the old
command-administrative methods. |
he referred to these conservative
elements in the party and economic management collectively as the
揵raking mechanism?that stalled his plans of 揳cceleration.?he now
felt that, without a far-reaching political reform that would
sideline or remove these unwilling elements and release the energies
of the masses, he would not be able to get ahead with the desired
economic restructuring. the emphasis, accordingly, now shifted from
economic reform to political democratization, which, together with
glasnost, became the main catchword and the rallying cry of the
second and final stage of gorbachev抯 reforms.
democracy was proclaimed to be the true essence of socialism that
was to be reclaimed by transforming the command-bureaucratic system
into socialism with a human face, or 揹emocratic socialism.?the
reforming leadership called for a greater role for workers in the
running of enterprises and the greater involvement of the general
population in the affairs of state and in the law-making activity.
the new reformist strategy implied that a radical economic reform
could begin only after society had been reenergized through
far-reaching democratization. in practice this meant that the
economic restructuring was postponed, surrendering the center stage
to the propaganda and promotion of democratic principles.
this
shift of emphasis led to a deepening 搘esternization?of the soviet
reform process, as democratization was impossible without the
introduction of certain elements and mechanisms from western
political systems. for some time, however, gorbachev denied that
democratization was aimed at borrowing 揵ourgeois?values and strove
to prove that it was inspired by the ideals of marx and lenin. in
reality, gorbachev抯 搉ew thinking,?as he called it, signified a
revision of marxism-leninism and an attempt to incorporate certain
new principles into soviet socialist ideology, including civil
society, the law-based state, parliamentarism, separation of powers,
human rights, and, finally, the market梚n other words, all those
values that marx and lenin regarded as 揵ourgeois.?gradually,
gorbachev and his supporters began to refer to these principles as
揳ll-human?rather than strictly socialist.
