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in
the soviet union, ideology was used to legitimate power. for this
reason, political authority in the ussr was always closely linked to
ideological doctrine. this doctrine was based on marxism. as a
philosophical theory, marxism represented a particular type of
socialism. its founders were two german philosophers, karl marx
(1818?3) and his lifelong friend and collaborator friedrich engels
(1820?5). in the course of several decades, starting in the
turbulent 1840s, they had constructed a huge and comprehensive
philosophical system. their ideas were first presented in a
systematic form in 1848 in the celebrated manifesto of the communist
party. they were then developed more thoroughly in the three volumes
party. they were then developed more thoroughly in the three volumes
of marx抯
capital.
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the
intellectual roots of marxism included the eighteenth-century
enlightenment, classical economics, utopian socialism, and german
idealistic philosophy梚n other words, some of the main traditions of
western thought. most importantly, marx and engels tried to find a
rational formula that would sum up the evolution of humankind and
indicate the course of its future development.
one
of the key elements of their theory was the idea of the
of the key elements of their theory was the idea of the
natural-historical character of social development. the essence of
the theory was that society developed in accordance with its own
intrinsic laws. the laws of social development were no less
objective than the laws of nature. for this reason, each social
formation appears only then and there, when and where appropriate
conditions have matured for it. it subsequently gives way to a next
formation when that new formation has been prepared by a different
set of objective and subjective conditions. in this sense, marx
presented social development as a natural social-historical process.
similar to organic nature and living organisms, social systems are
conceived, develop, and pass from one qualitative stage to the next
in accordance with certain objective laws.
the
second fundamental marxist principle in the explanation of the
historical process is materialism. idealistic philosophical systems
believe that consciousness determines existence. by contrast,
materialism looks for objective foundations of consciousness itself.
it finds them in the material life of people, in their concrete
social conditions. materialism led marx to discovering an economic
base of society in the form of the mode of production. he argued
that the mode of production of the material means of existence
conditioned the whole process of social, political, and intellectual
life. it was not consciousness that determines existence; on the
contrary, social existence determines consciousness. the mode of
production or relations of production of the same type generate
similar sociopolitical structures and even ideological forms.
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by using this approach, marx singled out five socioeconomic
formations: the primitive type of society. slavery, feudalism,
capitalism, and communism. the capitalist stage and the capitalist
mode of production and exchange were described and analyzed by him
most exhaustively. marx抯 main conclusion from his analysis of
contemporary capitalism was that the bourgeoisie would be unable to
control the rapid expansion of the productive forces unleashed by
the capitalist mode of production. in addition, the bourgeoisie
would completely antagonize the proletariat by driving it to utter
destitution and poverty.
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on the basis of his analysis, marx drew up the conclusion that
capitalism was, inevitably, heading for self-destruction. he
predicted that anticapitalist revolutions would occur in the most
developed capitalist countries. the current phase of history would
be terminated by a proletarian revolution. it would abolish the
minority rule of the bourgeoisie and also do away with individual
property as the economic foundation of its political power.
humankind would enter the era of communism with a workers?
government running society in the interest of the majority of
society.